🧬 Fundamental Particles 
The Standard Model of particle physics explains all known matter and forces (except gravity). It classifies particles into Fermions, Bosons, and extends to Composite Bosons, Scalar Bosons, and Vector Bosons.
🧍♂️ 1. Fermions – Matter Particles
Fermions are the building blocks of matter. They follow Fermi-Dirac statistics and cannot share the same quantum state.This particle have half integer spin.
🔸 Two Types:
| Group | Particles | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Quarks | Up, Down, Charm, Strange, Top, Bottom | Combine to form protons and neutrons |
| Leptons | Electron, Muon, Tau and Neutrinos (νe, νμ, ντ) | Do not feel strong nuclear force |
📚 Organized in 3 Generations:
| Generation | Quarks | Leptons |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | Up, Down | Electron, Electron Neutrino (νe) |
| 2nd | Charm, Strange | Muon, Muon Neutrino (νμ) |
| 3rd | Top, Bottom | Tau, Tau Neutrino (ντ) |
⚛️ 2. Bosons – Force Carriers
Bosons mediate fundamental forces. They obey Bose-Einstein statistics, and multiple bosons can occupy the same state.
🔸 Fundamental Bosons:
| Boson | Force Mediated | Spin | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Photon (γ) | Electromagnetic | 1 | Carries light and EM force |
| Gluons (g) | Strong Nuclear | 1 | Bind quarks inside nucleons |
| W⁺, W⁻, Z⁰ | Weak Nuclear | 1 | Cause beta decay |
| Higgs Boson (H⁰) | Higgs Field | 0 | Gives mass to particles |
| Graviton *(Hypothetical)* | Gravity | 2 | Not yet detected experimentally |
🔹 Scalar Bosons
Scalar bosons are bosons that have a spin of 0. They interact with other particles through their quantum fields.
The most famous example is the Higgs boson, which has a scalar field responsible for giving mass to elementary particles.
🔸 Example of Scalar Bosons:
| Boson | Spin | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Higgs Boson (H⁰) | 0 | Responsible for giving mass to elementary particles |
🔹 Vector Bosons
Vector bosons are bosons with a spin of 1. They mediate forces between particles.
Examples include the photon (mediating electromagnetic force), W and Z bosons (mediating weak nuclear force), and gluons (mediating the strong nuclear force).
🔸 Example of Vector Bosons:
| Boson | Spin | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Photon (γ) | 1 | Electromagnetic force mediator |
| Gluons (g) | 1 | Strong nuclear force mediator |
| W⁺, W⁻, Z⁰ | 1 | Weak nuclear force mediator |
🧪 3. Composite Bosons – Built from Fermions
Composite bosons are not fundamental, but made of an even number of fermions, and still act like bosons due to integer spin.
🔸 Examples of Composite Bosons:
| Particle | Made of | Spin | Found In |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mesons | Quark + Antiquark | 0 or 1 | Nuclear interactions |
| Helium-4 Atom (⁴He) | 2p + 2n + 2e⁻ | 0 | Superfluidity, BEC experiments |
| Cooper Pairs | 2 Electrons | 0 | Superconductors |
| Excitons | Electron + Hole | 0 or 1 | Semiconductors |
| Deuteron (²H) | Proton + Neutron | 1 | Fusion reactions |
🧠 Summary:
| Category | Examples | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Fermions | Quarks, Leptons | Matter particles |
| Fundamental Bosons | Photon, Gluon, W/Z, Higgs | Force carriers |
| Scalar Bosons | Higgs | Gives mass to particles |
| Vector Bosons | Photon, Gluon, W/Z | Mediate fundamental forces |
| Composite Bosons | Mesons, He-4, Cooper Pairs | Emergent bosons from fermions |
Comments
Post a Comment