1. What is the primary result of ionizing radiation passing through a medium?
2. Which of the following is directly ionizing radiation?
3. What is an ion pair?
4. The process where an electron is displaced to a higher energy level without ejection is called:
5. Which of the following describes photon fluence (Φ)?
6. The linear attenuation coefficient (μ) is measured in units of:
7. For a narrow monoenergetic photon beam, transmitted intensity follows:
8. The half-value layer (HVL) is related to the attenuation coefficient (μ) by:
9. In a heterogeneous x-ray beam, the first HVL is typically:
10. The mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) is independent of:
11. Which coefficient describes the fraction of photon energy converted into kinetic energy of electrons?
12. The energy absorption coefficient accounts for energy lost to:
13. Which photon interaction involves no energy transfer to the medium?
14. In the photoelectric effect, the kinetic energy of the ejected electron is:
15. The probability of the photoelectric effect is proportional to:
16. K-shell binding energy discontinuities in attenuation curves are called:
17. In Compton scattering, the scattered photon has:
18. The maximum energy transfer to an electron in Compton scattering occurs when the photon is scattered at:
19. The Compton mass attenuation coefficient (σ_c/ρ) depends primarily on:
20. For high-energy photons (>>1 MeV), the predominant interaction in water is:
21. The threshold energy for pair production is:
22. Annihilation radiation produces two photons each with energy:
23. Pair production probability increases with:
24. Which of the following is NOT a photon interaction process?
25. In therapeutic radiology, coherent scattering is:
26. The energy of photons scattered at 90° in Compton scattering approaches:
27. The Compton effect is most dominant in water for photon energies between:
28. Which interaction is most important for contrast in diagnostic radiology?
29. In pair production, the positron eventually annihilates to produce:
30. The Bragg peak is associated with:
31. Electrons lose energy primarily through:
32. Bremsstrahlung is more significant for electrons in:
33. Neutrons interact most efficiently with:
34. The most efficient shielding material for neutrons is:
35. Which particle exhibits minimal scattering and a sharp Bragg peak?
36. The term "delta ray" refers to:
37. The mass energy absorption coefficient (μₑₙ/ρ) is important for:
38. Which of the following is true for the photoelectric effect?
39. In a high-Z material like lead, the K-shell binding energy is approximately:
40. The total attenuation coefficient is the sum of coefficients for:
41. Which interaction is responsible for neutron contamination in high-energy (>10 MV) photon beams?
42. The energy fluence rate is also called:
43. For a monoenergetic beam, the transmitted intensity vs. absorber thickness graph on semilog paper is:
44. The atomic attenuation coefficient is expressed in units of:
45. In pair production, the kinetic energy of the electron-positron pair is:
46. Which of the following is NOT a secondary particle produced by photon interactions?
47. The dominant interaction for a 6 MV photon beam in soft tissue is:
48. The term "good geometry" in attenuation experiments refers to:
49. Which particle maintains a sharp dose cutoff beyond its range, irrespective of energy?
50. Which beam shows depth dose distribution qualitatively similar to ⁶⁰Co γ-rays?
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